John Henry Newman struggled with the basic questions related to human knowledge, and the relations between Faith and reason for more than 30 years.  He shared his insights and his creative answers to the questions in

An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent

The opening of the Grammar reads like a logic book.  Here is a summary which may help help the student to read with understanding.

 

DISTINCTIONS IN THE USE OF PROPOSITIONS

PROPOSITION

(A SUBJECT AND PREDICATE UNITED BY THE COPULA)

Examples:

Free trade benefits the poorer classes.

Is Mr. Simpson guilty of murder?

President Clinton should not be convicted.

All men have their price. Paul is a man. Therefore Paul has a price.

FORM categorical conditional interrogative
  (simply makes an assertion; implies absence of condition) (expresses conclusion with implied dependence on other propositions) (asks a question expecting a Y/N response)
EXTERNAL ACTS

OF ENUNCIATING

assertion conclusion question
INTERNAL ACTS OF HOLDING assent

(unconditional)

inference

(conditional)

doubt
CHARACTERS OF MIND believer philosopher sceptic

 

Modes of Apprehending Propositions

 

Real Apprehension Notional Apprehension
Objects are things external to us Objects are our own thoughts
Singular Nouns Common Nouns

 

More Examples will be given in the Grammar Forum.