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The CELL MEMBRANE and CELL-to-CELL JUNCTIONS TIGHT JUNCTIONS -- (Integral) linkage proteins and sealing strands ["bubble packing"] BELT DESMOSOMES ["adherens junctions"] – actin calmodulin & vinculin uvomorulin [ = R in text] (and microvilli) SPOT DESMOSOMES – extremely strong! central lamella transmembrane linker proteins cytoplasmic plaque tonofilaments (keratin) = Intermediate Filaments HEMIDESMOSOMES -- basal lamella, etc. GAP JUNCTIONS -- connexon (connexin) pseudocylinders intercellular communication (open and close) PLASMODESMATA -- through plant cell walls Terminals Webs actin fodrin = actin-binding protein
CARBOHYDRATES -ose Þ hexose = ?? pentose = ?? mono- vs. disaccharides vs. polysaccharides heteropolysaccharides vs. homopolysaccharides Energy (immediate use) _____________________ Energy (reserves) _____________________ _____________________ Structural _______________________ ___________________________ (glucose) (N-acetyl-glucosamine) Cell Membrane Glycoproteins contact inhibition = ?? Antigens, Lectins and Agglutination Þ CHO identification
 RESPIRATION and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
FERNANDEZ-MORAN -- "lollipop" structures Þ ATPase activity See MITOCHONDRIA MOVIES Here! (Be patient as they download) 
BIOENERGETICS
Endergonic vs. Exergonic reactions = ?? ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) vs. ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) Oxidation = loss of electrons or hydrogens vs.
GLYCOLYSIS = Glucose (6C) è 2 Pyruvic Acids (3C) è End Products Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP) Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP)Glucose Þ Glucose-6-Phosphate
Pi = Inorganic Phosphate Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION: ADP + ~ P Þ ATP EMP produces Þ 2 pyruvic acids + 2 ATP (net gain) + 2 NADH See a detailed EMP animation here FERMENTATION: an ATP-generating process in which organic molecules FERMENTATION is Anaerobic = ?? LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION: Lactic Acid + NAD+
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION: Ethanol + NAD+ Decarboxylation = removal of CO2
RESPIRATION: an ATP-generating process in which organic
OR inorganic AEROBIC RESPIRATION uses O2 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION uses other inorganics (NO3¾ , SO4=, etc.) The TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
CYCLE Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
with
6C Glucose Þ 2 CO2 + 4 CO2 in TCA decarboxylation reactions SUCCINYL~
S-CoA Þ HIGH ENERGY THIOESTER BOND Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
= FAD (oxidized)
vs. FADH2 (reduced)
See another TCA animation and more facts here
Oxidative
Phosphorylation ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM oxidation/reduction reactions
Transport of electrons only! NADH Þ 3 ATP FADH2 Þ 2 ATP
Excellent Respiration Overview (EMP, TCA and ETS)
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes ?? NADH and the Inner Mitochondrial membrane GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE SHUTTLE vs. Univalent Oxygen Reduction Þ O2 + 1e- ® O2 .- 2 .-Univalent Oxygen Reduction Þ O2 + 1e- ® O2 .- (Superoxide radical)FRIDOVICH, McCORD, et al.: Superoxide Dismutase (SD) 2 O2.- + 2H+ ® H2O2 + O2 SD in eukaryotes (Cu++) vs. prokaryotes (Mn++)
PETER MITCHELL PETER MITCHELL and the CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORYINTACT inner mitochondrial membrane PROTON (H+) PUMP Þ Potential Difference Þ HIGH ENERGY GRADIENT F0F1 ATPase Þ ADP + Pi ® ATP Conformational Hypothesis UNCOUPLERS e.g. Dinitrophenol Kimball's Respiration Overview
Photophosphorylation ADP + Pi + LIGHT ENERGY ® ATP ((via ETS) a) ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS e.g. H2S ® 2H+ + 2e- + S b) OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS e.g. 2 H2O ® 4H+ + 4e- + O2 Þ Cyanobacteria CHLOROPHYLLS a & b b Þ Prochloron, green algae, plantsACCESSORY PIGMENTS (carotenes, xanthophylls) Chloroplast
LIGHT REACTION -- Electron Transport System; Chemiosmotic process A) CYCLIC Þ PHOTOSYSTEM I Þ e- returns to P700 B) NONCYCLIC Þ
PHOTOSYSTEM II Þ 2. P680 e- ® P700 3. H2O à e- ® P680 æ NADPH
DARK REACTIONS: ATP + NADPH + CO2
(ARNON and Carboxylation)
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